As I write this dozens of trainers in Philadelphia near completion of a 17-day intensive called the “Super-T,” a kind of boot camp for trainers. In the 1950s, there was no place I could go to learn this kind of activist facilitation training, even though Paulo Freire was doing groundbreaking work in his “pedagogy of the oppressed” and the Gandhi-influenced Muslim leader Abdul Ghaffar Khan had used training to prepare his Pashtun nonviolent army for combat with the British Empire.
Rev. Martin Luther King Jr., Pete Seeger, Charis Horton, Rosa Parks and the Rev. Ralph Abernathy at the Highlander Center in 1957. (Pete Seeger)
We’ve come a long way since the 1950s, when the civil rights movement was being seeded by Congress of Racial Equality trainings in church basements and Rosa Parks attended workshops at the Highlander Center in Tennessee. Now even advanced training for activist trainers is available. Training for Change, an organization I co-founded, has led over 20 Super-Ts. These facilitator marathons have attracted activists from dozens of countries on five continents.
I’m grateful that today’s teenagers don’t need to get lucky and find a mentor, as I did by apprenticing to Charlie Walker in the 1950s. Today the Ruckus Society, Seeds of Peace UK, Pace e Bene, the Centre for Applied Non Violent Actions and Strategies — that is, CANVAS — and many other training organizations exist to help people gain skills. Training organizations in turn use Training for Change to upgrade their own skills and work collaboratively on projects like the Global Power Shift this week in Istanbul. We’ve made major progress just in my lifetime, but much more is needed to meet the multiplying opportunities for change.
Why more training now?
The history of training is a history of playing catch-up. Very few movements seem to realize that the pace of change can accelerate so rapidly that it outstrips the movement’s ability to use its opportunities fully. In Istanbul a small group of environmentalists sit down to save a park, and suddenly there are protests in over 60 Turkish cities; the agenda expands, from green space to governance to capitalism; doors open everywhere. It would be a good moment to have tens of thousands of skilled organizers ready to seize the day, supporting smart direct action and building prefigurative institutions. But excitement alone may slacken; as with the Occupy movement, spontaneous creativity has its limits.
With the right skills, movements can sustain themselves for years against punishing, murderous resistance. The mass direct action phase of the civil rights movement pushed on effectively for a decade after 1955. Mass excitement doesn’t need to fizzle in a year. A movement thrives by solving the problems it faces.
Anti-authoritarians don’t want to count on a movement’s top leaders to be the problem-solvers, but instead to develop shared leadership by fostering problem-solving smarts at the grassroots. There’s nothing automatic about grassroots problem-solving. How well people strategize, organize, invent creative tactics, reach effectively to allies, use the full resources of the group and persevere at times of discouragement — all that can be enhanced by training.
Nothing is more predictable than that there will be increased turbulence in the United States and many other societies. Activists cause some of the turbulence by rising up; other turbulence results from things like climate change, the 1 percent’s austerity programs and other forces outside activists’ immediate control.
Increased turbulence scares a lot of people. It’s only natural that people will look around for reassurance. The ruling class will offer one kind of reassurance. The big question is: What reassurance will the movement offer?
When students in Paris in May 1968 launched a campaign that quickly moved into nationwide turbulence, with 11 million workers striking and occupying, there was a momentary chance for the middle class to side with the students and workers instead of siding with the 1 percent. The movement, though, didn’t understand enough about the basic human need for security and failed to use its opportunity. That was a strategic error, but to choose a different path the movement would have required participants with more skills. Training would have been necessary. We can learn from this, inventory the skills needed and train ourselves accordingly.
What is training ready to do for us?
Here are a few of the key benefits that we should expect to gain from one another through training:
1. Increase the creativity of direct action strategy and tactics. The Yes Men and the Center for Story-Based Strategy lead workshops in which activist groups break out of the lockstep of “marches-and-rallies.” We need to have a broad array of tactics at our disposal, and we have to be ready to invent new ones when necessary.
2. Prepare participants psychologically for the struggle. The Pinochet regime in Chile depended, as dictatorships usually do, on fear to maintain its control. In the 1980s a group committed to nonviolent struggle encouraged people to face their fears directly in a three-step process: small group training sessions in living rooms, followed by “hit-and-run” nonviolent actions, followed by debriefing sessions. By teaching people to control their fear, trainers were building a movement to overthrow the dictator.
3. Develop group morale and solidarity for more effective action. In 1991 members of ACT UP — a militant group protesting U.S. AIDS policy — were beaten up by Philadelphia police during a demonstration. The police were found guilty of using unnecessary force and the city paid damages, but ACT UP members realized they could reduce the chance of future brutality by working in a more united and nonviolent way. Before their next major action they invited a trainer to conduct a workshop where they clarified the strategic question of nonviolence and then role-played possible scenarios. The result: a high-spirited, unified and effective action.
4. Deepen participants’ understanding of the issues. The War Resisters League’s Handbook for Nonviolent Action is an example of the approach that takes even a civil disobedience training as an opportunity to assist participants to take a next step regarding racism, sexism and the like. When we understand how seemingly separate struggles are connected, it helps us create a broader, stronger, more interconnected movement.
5. Build skills for applying nonviolent action in situations of threat and turbulence. In Haiti a hit squad abducted a young man just outside the house where a trained peace team was staying; the team immediately intervened and, although surrounded by twice their number of guards with weapons, succeeded in saving the man from being hung. Through training, we can learn how to react to emergencies like this in disciplined, effective ways.
6. Build alliances across movement lines. In Seattle in the 1980s, a workshop drew striking workers from the Greyhound bus company and members of ACT UP. The workshop reduced the prejudice each group had about the other, and it led some participants to support each other’s struggle. Trainings are a valuable opportunity to bring people from different walks of life together and help them work toward their common goals.
7. Create activist organizations that don’t burn people out. The Action Mill, Spirit in Action, and the Stone House all offer workshops to help activists to stay active in the long run. I’ve seen a lot of accumulated skill lost to movements over the years because people didn’t have the support or endurance to stay in the fight.
8. Increase democracy within the movement. In the 1970s the Movement for a New Society developed a pool of training tools and designs that it shared with the grassroots movement against nuclear power. (1)The anti-nuclear movement went up against some of the largest corporations in America and won. The movement delayed construction, which raised costs, and planted so many seeds of doubt in the public mind about safety that the eventual meltdown of the Three Mile Island plant brought millions of people to the movement’s point of view. The industry’s goal of building 1,000 nuclear plants evaporated. Significantly, the campaign succeeded without needing to create a national structure around a charismatic leader. Activists learned the skills of shared leadership and democratic decision-making through workshops, practice and feedback. In my book Facilitating Group Learning, I share many lessons that have evolved from Freire’s day to ours.
I hope that readers of this column will add to the list of training providers in the comments, since I’ve only named some. My intention is to remind us that this could be the right moment, before the next wave of turbulence has all of us in crisis-mode again, to increase training capacity for grassroots skill-building. We’ll be very glad we did.
(1) http://www.akpress.org/opposeandpropose.html
http://www.marcuse.org/harold/pages/seabrook.htm
Some comments to this article
Nathan Schneider
George had another great column on training last year:
http://wagingnonviolence.org/feature/break-out-of-your-class-bubble-get-training-and-win/
Also, don’t miss Ken Butigan’s column early last year that lists lots and lots of training resources:
http://wagingnonviolence.org/feature/ready-set-go/
Ali
Thanks for this article! I would love it if people could share recommendations of trainings, and experiences that they’ve had.
Last summer, I attended the Sierra Student Coalition’s SPROG and the Responsible Endowments Coalition’s Summer Organizing Retreat, and learned a lot at each.
SPROG is a week-long training that teaches a lot of basic organizing and campaigning skills. Its focussed on environmental organizing, but not exclusively so–a lot of the participants were doing other types of organizing. http://ssc.org/sprog
REC’s training is for students who are doing activism around their school’s endowments. In addition to teaching you organizing skills, we learned a lot about how college and university endowments work, and how to build effective campaigns around them.
http://www.endowmentethics.org/apply-now-2013-summer-organizing-retreat/
Both trainings were week-long, where all of the trainers and participants lived together, so in addition to learning skills in the workshops, we build fun relationships with each other, and got to learn a lot about what other organizers were up to. I’d recommend both if they seem relevant to your interests and you have the time.
What sort of trainings do other people know about? Any recommendations?
Holly Hammond
Many thanks for this George.
As an activist educator I sometimes struggle to get groups to prioritise development by putting time and resources into it. Many movements have a culture of urgency and reaction – there often isn’t a lot of value placed on reflection, planning and learning. Your list will be handy for persuading folks to prioritise training. The more people experience it, the more they love it!
In Australia we’re some years behind the US in terms of the number and diversity of movement support projects. I look forward to my work becoming much less peculiar to people and part of the scenery of flourishing movements and communities.
For readers in Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand check out:
Plan to Win http://plantowin.net.au
the Change Agency http://www.thechangeagency.org
the Kotare Trust http://www.kotare.org.nz
For more links to activist education projects see: http://plantowin.net.au/resources/
Ice Goldberg
Many resources about how activists organize listed here;
http://activism101.ning.com/profiles/blogs/how-activists-organize?overrideMobileRedirect=1
Lisa Fithian
Great piece George, thank you for it. Our collective ACT,the Alliance of Community Trainers, which hosts Earth Activist Trainings, Organizing for Power trainings and an array of others is so often overlooked. Just wanted to share these resources as well.
http://organizingforpower.org/,
http://www.earthactivisttraining.org/
thanks for all you do….peace.
Kurze Anmerkung zum Lernprozess in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland:
Für das Kennenlernen der Methoden der Trainings in gewaltfreiem Handeln spielten Orte wie das Internationale Freundschaftsheim in Bückeburg und Personen wie Konrad Tempel bzw. später Eric Bachman eine wichtige Rolle.
Ausführlich dargestellt im Buch von Achim Schmitz (2010):
Gewaltfreiheit trainieren. Institutionengeschichte von Strömungen, Konzepten und Beispielen politischer Bildung.
Sozio-Publishing. 448 Seiten. €24,80. ISBN 978-3-935431-15-6
George Lakey is Visiting Professor at Swarthmore College and a Quaker. He has led 1,500 workshops on five continents and led activist projects on local, national, and international levels. Among many other books and articles, he is author of “Strategizing for a Living Revolution” in David Solnit’s book Globalize Liberation (City Lights, 2004). His first arrest was for a civil rights sit-in and most recent was with Earth Quaker Action Team while protesting mountain top removal coal mining.